statistics
Frequency distribution.
The literary meaning of frequency is the number or occurrence of a particular event / score in a set of sample. According to Chaplin (1975) “Frequency distribution shows the number of cases falling within a given class interval or range of scores.”
A frequency distribution is a table that organizes data into classes, into groups of values describing one characteristic of data. It shows number of observations from the data set that fall into each of the classes. The frequency of each value can be expressed as a fraction or percentage of the total number of observations known as a relative frequency distribution.
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Frequency distribution |
Types of frequency distribution:
There are various ways to arrange frequencies of a data. A few of them are discussed as follows.
➥Relative frequency distribution:
This kind of distribution indicates the proportion of the total number of cases observed at each score value or internal of score values.
➥Cumulative frequency distribution:
Sometimes investigator interested in knowing the number of observations less than a particular value. This is possible by computing the cumulative frequency. A cumulative frequency corresponding to a class interval is the sum of frequencies for that class and of all classes prior to that class.
➥Cumulative relative frequency distribution:
A cumulative relative frequency distribution is one in which the entry of any score of class interval expresses that score’s cumulative frequency as a proportion of the total number of class.
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Tabulation:
Tabulation is the process of presenting the classified data in the form of a table. A tabulation presentation data becomes more intelligible and fit for farther statistical analysis.A table is a systematic arrangement of classified data in rows and columns with appropriate headings and sub-headings.
Components of a statistical table:
The main components of a table are given below_↳Table number:
A table should be marked with a number for reference and identification. The number should be written at the top of the table.
↳Title of the table:
Every table should have an appropriate title which describes the content of the table. The title should be clear, brief and self-explanatory.
↳Caption:
Captions are brief and self-explanatory headings for columns. Captions may involve headings and sub-headings. The caption should be planned in the middle of the columns.
↳Stub:
Stubs stand for brief and self-explanatory headings for rows. A relatively more importante classification is given in rows.
↳Body of the table:
This is the real table and contains numerical information of data in different cells. This arrangement of data remains according to the description of captions and stubs.
↳Head note:
this is written at the extreme right bellow the title and explains the unit of the measurements used in the body of the tables.
↳Footnote:
This is to be written bellow the table explaining certain points related to the data which have not been covered in title, caption and stubs.
↳Source:
The source from which data have been taken is to be mentioned at the end of the table. Reference of the source must be complete so that if the readers want to consult the original source, they may do so.
General rules for preparing a table:
There are no hardcore rules for preparing a table. But tabulation requires a lot of skills and common sense on the part of the researcher. Thought specific rules have not been provided for tabulation, some general rules are in tradition. They are as follows_
(i) Table should be compact and really comprehensible besides being complete and self explanatory.
(ii) It should be free from confusions.
(iii) The table should be arranged in the space provided. It should neither to be too small nor too large.
(iv) Items in the table should be placed logically and related items should be placed nearby.
(v) All items should be clearly stated.
(vi) If an item is repeated in the table, its full from should be written.
(vii) The unit of the measurement should be explicity mentioned, preferably in the form of a head note.
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